Summary of our discussion

3.4 Morality based on duty and rights

Deontological theory, where actions are right or wrong based on whether they follow rules and duties, regardless of consequences. (deon = duty) 

The leading exponent of this moral theory is Kant, (1724 - 1804) in Prussia, Lutheran family, never married.  He stated that the moral law is absolute, unchangeable and universal, so, “do this, regardless.”  Our moral duties are “categorical imperatives”.  An imperative is a command, and it is categorical if it applies without exception.

We thought that Kant's beliefs that people should be treated equally and with respect, regardless of social status, wealth or race were very progressive for the time, a forerunner of the Court of Human Rights.  We considered the timeline of philosophers (back page of Vaughn) and noted that he was writing against a background of revolution.  His views were influenced by the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity.   However, we found his absolutism too rigid a doctrine for some situations and felt nuance is required.  Moral common sense suggests that sometimes the consequences of our actions do matter more than adherence to the law.  A categorical imperative not to lie would result in you giving up Anne Frank. 

3.5 Morality based on character

In contrast, virtue ethics is a moral theory that focuses on the development of a virtuous character, so not what to do but what to be.  We found it fascinating that Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) remains the primary inspiration for virtue ethics and how relevant these remain today.  Aristotle argues that the good life is one of happiness, which we achieve by acting with reason.  He spoke of "the golden mean", the midpoint between extremes, so courage is the virtue that comes midway between the two extremes of cowardice (too much fear) and rashness (too little fear).  Imagine jumping into a raging river to save someone if you could not swim. 

We discussed whether a truly virtuous parent would inform the police if they knew their son has a knife and intended to use it.  Attempts to avoid being considered racist have overridden the moral virtues of justice and security for suffering children.  Therefore, we did not consider virtue ethics sufficient to guide our actions, as it has a lack of guidance for specific moral dilemmas e.g. when honesty and kindness conflict. 

Aristotle said virtues can be developed and we must continually aspire to moral excellence.  We considered that some people may consider themselves virtuous but they may be blinded by their own ego.  We were amused by Lincoln's quote, "it has been my experience that folks who have no vices have very few virtues".